common/net/UrlEscapers.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2009 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.net;

import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.escape.Escaper;

/**
 * {@code Escaper} instances suitable for strings to be included in particular
 * sections of URLs.
 *
 * <p>If the resulting URLs are inserted into an HTML or XML document, they will
 * require additional escaping with {@link com.google.common.html.HtmlEscapers}
 * or {@link com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers}.
 *
 *
 * @author David Beaumont
 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 15.0
 */
@Beta
@GwtCompatible
public final class UrlEscapers {
  private UrlEscapers() {}

  // For each xxxEscaper() method, please add links to external reference pages
  // that are considered authoritative for the behavior of that escaper.

  static final String URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS = "-_.*";

  static final String URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS =
      "-._~" +        // Unreserved characters.
      "!$'()*,;&=" +  // The subdelim characters (excluding '+').
      "@:";           // The gendelim characters permitted in paths.

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be
   * safely included in <a href="http://goo.gl/OQEc8">URL form parameter names
   * and values</a>. Escaping is performed with the UTF-8 character encoding.
   * The caller is responsible for <a href="http://goo.gl/i20ms">replacing any
   * unpaired carriage return or line feed characters with a CR+LF pair</a> on
   * any non-file inputs before escaping them with this escaper.
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   * <ul>
   * <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0"
   *     through "9" remain the same.
   * <li>The special characters ".", "-", "*", and "_" remain the same.
   * <li>The space character " " is converted into a plus sign "+".
   * <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8
   *     encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string
   *     "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal
   *     representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>This escaper is suitable for escaping parameter names and values even
   * when <a href="http://goo.gl/utn6M">using the non-standard semicolon</a>,
   * rather than the ampersand, as a parameter delimiter. Nevertheless, we
   * recommend using the ampersand unless you must interoperate with systems
   * that require semicolons.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase
   * hexadecimal sequences. From <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
   * RFC 3986</a>:<br>
   * <i>"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits
   * for all percent-encodings."</i>
   *
   */
  public static Escaper urlFormParameterEscaper() {
    return URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_FORM_PARAMETER_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_FORM_PARAMETER_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS, true);

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be
   * safely included in <a href="http://goo.gl/swjbR">URL path segments</a>. The
   * returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII characters, even though <a
   * href="http://goo.gl/xIJWe">many of these are accepted in modern URLs</a>.
   * (<a href="http://goo.gl/WMGvZ">If the escaper were to leave these
   * characters unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time,
   * anyway.</a>) Additionally, the escaper escapes the slash character ("/").
   * While slashes are acceptable in URL paths, they are considered by the
   * specification to be separators between "path segments." This implies that,
   * if you wish for your path to contain slashes, you must escape each segment
   * separately and then join them.
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   * <ul>
   * <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0"
   *     through "9" remain the same.
   * <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   * <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   * <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";",
   *     and "=" remain the same.
   * <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.
   * <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8
   *     encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string
   *     "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal
   *     representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase
   * hexadecimal sequences. From <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
   * RFC 3986</a>:<br>
   * <i>"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits
   * for all percent-encodings."</i>
   */
  public static Escaper urlPathSegmentEscaper() {
    return URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_PATH_SEGMENT_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+", false);

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Escaper} instance that escapes strings so they can be
   * safely included in a <a href="http://goo.gl/xXEq4p">URL fragment</a>. The
   * returned escaper escapes all non-ASCII characters, even though <a
   * href="http://goo.gl/xIJWe">many of these are accepted in modern URLs</a>.
   * (<a href="http://goo.gl/WMGvZ">If the escaper were to leave these
   * characters unescaped, they would be escaped by the consumer at parse time,
   * anyway.</a>)
   *
   * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
   * <ul>
   * <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0"
   *     through "9" remain the same.
   * <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   * <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   * <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";",
   *     and "=" remain the same.
   * <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.
   * <li>Fragments allow unescaped "/" and "?", so they remain the same.
   * <li>All other characters are converted into one or more bytes using UTF-8
   *     encoding and each byte is then represented by the 3-character string
   *     "%XY", where "XY" is the two-digit, uppercase, hexadecimal
   *     representation of the byte value.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> Unlike other escapers, URL escapers produce uppercase
   * hexadecimal sequences. From <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
   * RFC 3986</a>:<br>
   * <i>"URI producers and normalizers should use uppercase hexadecimal digits
   * for all percent-encodings."</i>
   */
  public static Escaper urlFragmentEscaper() {
    return URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER;
  }

  private static final Escaper URL_FRAGMENT_ESCAPER =
      new PercentEscaper(URL_PATH_OTHER_SAFE_CHARS_LACKING_PLUS + "+/?", false);
}